2. 在講解工具特色時，需有組織的方式告知，例如：此工據有3個特點，1. ...；2. ...；3. ...。
3. Stroop Color Word Test為well-known之工具，假如說要取代此工具，理由要說明清楚。
4. 在講解工具時，可使用appendix的方式，秀出工具內容，讓讀者更了解此工具。假如考慮版權問題，可直接詢問作者。
5. Topic sentence的使用和延伸，例如：Topic sentence, "The Five Digit Test measures attention and executive functions."，接著可講解測量到什麼注意力和執行功能。
6. 文章結構分為：(1) 以內容為主；(2) 以功能為主。我需思考在介紹工具指標時，結構是要以內容為主，還是以功能為主，才能讓讀者易懂。
7. 新的評估工具之心理計量特性驗證就會不足，不需再強調此新的工具缺乏心理計量特性驗證。
8. 投影片的製作：不能使用描述方法，寫太多的文字。
原先之寫作
Introduction
The Five Digit Test (FDT) measures attention and executive functions. The FDT has been considered as an alternative tool for the Stroop Color Word Test. It is appropriate for speakers of any language and does not require literacy skills. The cognitive requirements of performing the tasks are low, involving the naming digits of 1-5 and recognizing perceptual patterns among 1 to 5 elements. The FDT can even be administered without the necessity of linguistic interactions. The advantages make the FDT suitable for the patients with stroke. However, a lack of psychometric properties limits its applicability in clinical and research settings.
Methods- instruments
The FDT has four parts, and each part contains 50 items. The items are groups of digits or stars printed inside the frames. The digits can either be named as the number printed in the frame (two 5s are read as “five”), or counted how many digits are in the frame (two 5s are counted as “two”). In part 1, a subject reads groups of digits. In part 2, the subject counts groups of stars. In part 3, the subject counts conflictive items and avoids naming them (two 5s are counted as “two”). The subject has to inhibit the immediate response and select a different response. In part 4, the subject needs to switch between counting and naming the number, whenever the item has a darker frame.
Part 1 and part 2 measure basic attention (focused attention and sustained attention) and processing speed. Part 3 measures selective attention. Part 4 measures alternating attention. Part 3 and part 4 also reflect ability of inhibition and ability of flexibility (switching), respectively. The ability of inhibition and the ability of flexibility are the components of executive functions. Therefore, there are 5 indices in the FDT. Three indices are testing attention, such as basic attention and processing speed, selective attention, and alternating attention. Two indices are testing executive functions, such as ability of inhibition and ability of flexibility. The formulas of the score of 5 indices were calculated:
Basic attention and processing speed = (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
Selective attention = RT of part 3
Alternating attention = RT of part 4
Ability of inhibition = RT of part 3 - (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
Ability of flexibility = RT of part 4 - (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
where RT is the reaction time. A lower score represents better performance.修改後之寫作
Introduction
The Five Digit Test (FDT) measures attention (i.c., focused attention, sustained attention, selective attention, and alternating attention) and executive functions (i.c., ability of inhibition and ability of flexibility). The FDT has four parts, and each part contains 50 items. The items are groups of digits (1-5) or stars (1-5) printed inside the frames. The digits can either be named as the number printed in the frame (two 5s are read as “five”), or counted how many digits are in the frame (two 5s are counted as “two”). In part 1, a subject names the digits. In part 2, the subject counts the stars. In part 3, the subject counts the digits and avoids naming them. In part 4, the subject needs to switch between counting and naming the digits, whenever the item has a darker frame.
The FDT has 3 advantages: (1) it is appropriate for English and non-English speakers; (2) it is appropriate for competent readers and illiterate subjects (at least know 1-5 Arabic numerals); and (3) the cognitive requirements of performing the tasks are low, involving the naming and counting 1-5 digits or stars. The easy administration mode and simple items of the FDT may be suitable for the patients with stroke.
Methods- instruments
The FDT has 5 indices. Three indices are testing attention, such as basic attention (focused attention and sustained attention) and processing speed, selective attention, and alternating attention. Two indices are testing executive functions, such as ability of inhibition and ability of flexibility. The formulas of the score of 5 indices were calculated:
Basic attention and processing speed = (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
Selective attention = RT of part 3
Alternating attention = RT of part 4
Ability of inhibition = RT of part 3 - (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
Ability of flexibility = RT of part 4 - (RT of part 1 + RT of part 2)/2
where RT is the reaction time. A lower score represents better performance.
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