今天與謝老師討教寫作之技巧，特別是討論的部分。
1. 參考model paper，有問題時，先確定model paper的寫作方式。
2. 文章討論的部分，為解釋所發現的意義，可使用現在式。
3. 撰寫討論部分，可分為兩個層面：
(1) 以研究目的為重點，統整說明重要的結果及解釋。
(2) 學術和臨床應用。
4. 句子間的連結，先了解主要目的之結果，和描述目的之指標，分別解釋指標，接而推論指標，由指標說明主要目的的應用性。
總而言之，在撰寫討論時，需要針對研究目的，先提出每段的主題句(topic sentence)。每段都由主題句為起頭，先敘述概略結果(gerenal findings)，提出所發現的特殊結果(specific findings)，然後推展討論範圍。最後，每段的最後一句必須轉回與主題句相關(可嘗試提出學術或臨床之應用)。
2011年4月26日 星期二
2011年4月25日 星期一
4/25~4/29 預定進度
任務 | 預定完成日 |
1. 撰寫SF-36論文 | |
l 撰寫討論 | 4/27 |
l 修改研究方法和結果 | 4/27 |
2. 向同學借筆記，補4/19因素分析之課程內容 | 4/26 |
3. 修改執行功能研究架構圖 | 4/28 |
4. 繳交Rasch作業 | 4/29 |
5. 繳交Seminar(李文宗教授演講)報告 | 4/30 |
6. 繳交學會雜誌之投稿稿件之校稿 | 5/1 |
2011年4月24日 星期日
美國職能治療領域做post doc的機會
之前參加AOTA conference時聽到，現在美國職能治療領域做post doc的機會比較少，當時很好奇為什麼，但礙於沒有機會可以詢問，所以我寫e-mail問了當事者。
她的回應是，因為沒有很多的OT program有提供PhD的學位，所以相對而言，OT program的博士後研究機會比較少，但她認為未來在OT領域中，post doc的機會應該會越來越多。她也建議可以往其他相關領域找post doc，機會還是頗多的。
她的回應是，因為沒有很多的OT program有提供PhD的學位，所以相對而言，OT program的博士後研究機會比較少，但她認為未來在OT領域中，post doc的機會應該會越來越多。她也建議可以往其他相關領域找post doc，機會還是頗多的。
2011年4月23日 星期六
對Dr. Ottenbacher演講的感想
講題為Evidence-based practice and knowledge translation in the era of health care reform: opportunities for occupational therapy。
Dr. Ottenbacher敘述做研究是一個長遠及長久的過程，他非常幽默的表示，做實證研究就像演化一樣，像從年輕的他，到現在年長的他(見下圖)，這種類似的描述依稀常在系上某個資深的教授中常聽到。
何謂實證執業(evidence-based practice，EBP)?就是連結研究和臨床醫療。綜合研究的結果，以改變臨床醫療的狀況。但是證據有時不是直接相關的，所以必須思考如何可以更清楚、明顯地，表示研究和臨床之間的連接。
Dr. Ottenbacher說到Haynes於1996提及EBP的組成架構(如下圖)，從此圖中可得知個案的認知、臨床經驗、和研究證明，此三個要素可以促進個案醫療的狀況。
Dr. Ottenbacher在演講中提出達到EBP，有6個的步驟，他特別強調要做RCT(Randomized clinical trail)的研究，增加研究證據的可信度。其中有一個步驟為，要與個案和同事分享研究成果，我覺得這一點非常重要，為推廣層面。即使研究者已經發表期刊論文，但實際臨床中，個案和臨床從業人員無法得知最新消息，研究和臨床就會永遠存在著一個間隔。此時，我就在想一個成功的研究學者，不僅要有充足的能力規劃、執行研究，和發表論文，也要有能力可以推廣研究成果，如此，才能充分地發揮研究的價值。
2011年4月22日 星期五
認識新朋友
謝謝"謝清麟老師"介紹"謝靜慧老師"，讓我這次有機會可以認識更多在美國執業、於大學教學、和做研究的台灣職能治療人員。
在此分享與這些優秀的台灣學長姊的合照，希望有機會再和他們相見，或者是合作!!
照片上，由左到右的人員：謝逸如(成大畢業，在New Jersey執業)；李韋宏(成大畢業，在New Jersey執業)；我；麗婷；劉瓊如(台大畢業，在Indiana University教書)；Megan Chang(成大畢業，在USC當post-doc)；謝靜慧老師(台大畢業，為National Rehabilitation Hospital/MedStar Research Institute研究員)和她的先生及小孩。
另外，認識從高醫畢業，任教於Indiana University的Fengyi Kuo。她沒入鏡，但仍想提及此認識的新朋友。
在此分享與這些優秀的台灣學長姊的合照，希望有機會再和他們相見，或者是合作!!
照片上，由左到右的人員：謝逸如(成大畢業，在New Jersey執業)；李韋宏(成大畢業，在New Jersey執業)；我；麗婷；劉瓊如(台大畢業，在Indiana University教書)；Megan Chang(成大畢業，在USC當post-doc)；謝靜慧老師(台大畢業，為National Rehabilitation Hospital/MedStar Research Institute研究員)和她的先生及小孩。
另外，認識從高醫畢業，任教於Indiana University的Fengyi Kuo。她沒入鏡，但仍想提及此認識的新朋友。
2011年4月21日 星期四
一步一步地完成任務
回來台灣後，似乎不得閒，先是昨天負責監考"日常生活評估功能訓練考試"，看到考試的內容，佩服薛老師所出的題目滿符合臨床實際狀況，也羨慕大三的同學能夠了解一些心理計量的概念(我是到了現在才比較有概念)。感慨不努力不行啊!
今天花了一整天，在總區計中使用SAS/IML，寫因素分析的報告。花了好多時間思索翁老師出的問題，也花了好長的時間才找到應該可以使用的語法，雖然不知道自己做的對不對，等拿回作業後，有不清楚的地方，再詢問翁老師和助教。
晚上努力地聽完心統的錄音檔，感謝同學協助，幫我錄音和借我筆記。雖然錄音的聲音非常的小聲，筆記的字跡是抽象畫，但仍幫助我抓到一些精瓍。等待明天姚老師的課程復習，看看能否更了解two-way ANOVA。
今天花了一整天，在總區計中使用SAS/IML，寫因素分析的報告。花了好多時間思索翁老師出的問題，也花了好長的時間才找到應該可以使用的語法，雖然不知道自己做的對不對，等拿回作業後，有不清楚的地方，再詢問翁老師和助教。
晚上努力地聽完心統的錄音檔，感謝同學協助，幫我錄音和借我筆記。雖然錄音的聲音非常的小聲，筆記的字跡是抽象畫，但仍幫助我抓到一些精瓍。等待明天姚老師的課程復習，看看能否更了解two-way ANOVA。
2011年4月20日 星期三
4/20~4/22 預定進度
任務 | 預定完成日 |
1. 寫因素分析報告 | 4/21 |
2. 撰寫SF-36論文 | |
l 修改研究方法和結果 | 4/24 |
l 撰寫討論 | 4/29 |
3. 閱讀心統4/15的課程內容 | 4/22 |
4. 撰寫參加研討會報告 | 4/24 |
5. 閱讀因素分析4/19之課程內容 | 4/27 |
2011年4月17日 星期日
AOTA on April 16
91st AOTA 研討會已到了尾聲,等回就要到費城的機場,準備開始另一個長途的旅程(回台灣).
昨天有機會聽到Kenneth J. Ottenbacher大師的演講,好興奮喔!
前天晚上我的前任指導教授Esther(teaching in Loma Linda University)告訴我Dr. Ottenbacher是美國拿到最多研究經費的OT學者.昨天主持人介紹Dr. Ottenbacher時,也提到他有250篇以上的期刊著作及充足的研究經費,還沒聽到他的演講,就開始崇拜他了.
讓我更佩服的是,他的powerpoint製作,是我在這次研討會當中看到最精彩的一次:適當的圖片使用,精簡的文字,有配搭動畫,清楚的內容和敘述程序.看到大師精闢的演說,學習良多,可做為我的模範.
昨天下大雨,下午到費城的LOVE park, Rodin museum和Philadelphia museum of art逛逛,雖然下半身的褲子和包包都溼掉了,但澆不熄想要玩的心情.
晚上和謝靜慧老師和其他在美國教書或執業的OT吃飯,聽他們分享美國生活和工作,雖然自己也曾經在美國過了一段不短的日子,但聽他們的分享,仍然覺得很稀奇,尤其是有關學術和教學方面,才知道美國OT領域Post-doc的機會很少.
昨天有機會聽到Kenneth J. Ottenbacher大師的演講,好興奮喔!
前天晚上我的前任指導教授Esther(teaching in Loma Linda University)告訴我Dr. Ottenbacher是美國拿到最多研究經費的OT學者.昨天主持人介紹Dr. Ottenbacher時,也提到他有250篇以上的期刊著作及充足的研究經費,還沒聽到他的演講,就開始崇拜他了.
讓我更佩服的是,他的powerpoint製作,是我在這次研討會當中看到最精彩的一次:適當的圖片使用,精簡的文字,有配搭動畫,清楚的內容和敘述程序.看到大師精闢的演說,學習良多,可做為我的模範.
昨天下大雨,下午到費城的LOVE park, Rodin museum和Philadelphia museum of art逛逛,雖然下半身的褲子和包包都溼掉了,但澆不熄想要玩的心情.
晚上和謝靜慧老師和其他在美國教書或執業的OT吃飯,聽他們分享美國生活和工作,雖然自己也曾經在美國過了一段不短的日子,但聽他們的分享,仍然覺得很稀奇,尤其是有關學術和教學方面,才知道美國OT領域Post-doc的機會很少.
2011年4月15日 星期五
The plan on April 15
Today, my schedule will be
8am-9am three presentations in a row
- Individuals with global cognitive impairment do benefit from modified constraint-induced movement study
- Executive dysfunction immediately post mild stroke
- factors predicting executive performance and participation after stroke
9:30am-11am
Using Occupations to slow down cognitive decline in older adults
2pm-3pm three presentations in a row
- Trauma symptoms, life skill knowledge, and transition to housing: a longitudinal study of individuals with mental illness at risk for homelessness
- further validating the executive function performance tests with people who are homeless and have substance use disorders
- The kawa model: exploring how women overcome intimate partner violence
3pm-5pm
My poster presentation
Two-hour poster session is quite long. I hope I could have enough energy to share my work and explain it clearly.
5:15pm-6:30pm
Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture: Accentuate the positive: reflections on empathic interpersonal interactions
AOTA on April 14
There were so many so many speeches at the same time. The participants really needed to work on which speeches are the preferences ahead of time in order to have the seat in the room. In the beginning, it was hard to make the decision which I prefer to listen first. When I made up my mind, some of the speeches were so popular and it would be not available to get in the room.
In the morning, I helped out Letty to post Dr. Pan's poster, and then I looked through most of the posters. In Taiwan, most of the poster presenters were gone in OT conferences. In the AOTA conference, the poster presenters needed to stand by their poster and try to explain any questions or share how the research study was done. Then the presenters would give the audiences the sticker. Each audience needed to get 10 stickers to gain the educational credits.
In this poster session, lots of the research studies were relative to the OT educational (academic) and pediatric fields. Moreover, quite a lot of research studies used qualitative research method.
I have seen that one presenter's poster was lost during the shipping and she drew some notes talking about the mistake of shipping and the main ideas of her poster. It attracted so many attentions, because of her attitudes showing never giving up and her body languages of presenting her research studies.
During the poster session, I met some Taiwanese who worked or studied in the US. After the poster session, some of them took me to the traditional food market to have Amish sandwich. Wow! There was so crowded and there were some people sining in the middle. By that moment, I kind of woke up and started to feel hungry, since I was still in jet lag and my stomach was not feeling well.
In the afternoon, originally I wanted to listen to the topic "The compelling evidence for motor learning practices in occupation-based neurorehabilitation: theory and principles of scientific practice". However, the room was full and I was not allowed to get in. Then I went to listen to another short topic "Development of a functional capacity evaluation of work performance for individuals with mild to moderate stroke". The presenter shared how she developed a assessment testing work ability for the people with stroke. She said about 3 or 4 times that she felt executive function was important for work. She also stated
In the evening, there were a welcome ceremony, a expo grand opening, and reception. I stayed with my ex-advisor, Esther Huecker who was associate professor in Loma Linda University. This was my first time to meet her face to face. When I was in Loma Linda University, her husband was sick seriously. So, I have no chances to meet her. She was so nice to introduce some people to me and share the main ideas of the speech in the welcome opening.
In the welcome opening, there was a vocal bank to sing songs to start the opening, and American people were so excited and dancing. Esther's friend said there were more and more informal performance in the AOTA welcome opening.
In the expo grand opening, there were so many booths from schools,health care institutes, and companies selling books, assistive technology, and toys. And I could get some free stuff from the booths.
I looked at the books related to cognition, but I did not find out anything new or special about executive functions. Keep trying to open the eyes and seeing whether I could have some difference ideas for my EF research framework.
In the morning, I helped out Letty to post Dr. Pan's poster, and then I looked through most of the posters. In Taiwan, most of the poster presenters were gone in OT conferences. In the AOTA conference, the poster presenters needed to stand by their poster and try to explain any questions or share how the research study was done. Then the presenters would give the audiences the sticker. Each audience needed to get 10 stickers to gain the educational credits.
In this poster session, lots of the research studies were relative to the OT educational (academic) and pediatric fields. Moreover, quite a lot of research studies used qualitative research method.
I have seen that one presenter's poster was lost during the shipping and she drew some notes talking about the mistake of shipping and the main ideas of her poster. It attracted so many attentions, because of her attitudes showing never giving up and her body languages of presenting her research studies.
During the poster session, I met some Taiwanese who worked or studied in the US. After the poster session, some of them took me to the traditional food market to have Amish sandwich. Wow! There was so crowded and there were some people sining in the middle. By that moment, I kind of woke up and started to feel hungry, since I was still in jet lag and my stomach was not feeling well.
In the afternoon, originally I wanted to listen to the topic "The compelling evidence for motor learning practices in occupation-based neurorehabilitation: theory and principles of scientific practice". However, the room was full and I was not allowed to get in. Then I went to listen to another short topic "Development of a functional capacity evaluation of work performance for individuals with mild to moderate stroke". The presenter shared how she developed a assessment testing work ability for the people with stroke. She said about 3 or 4 times that she felt executive function was important for work. She also stated
- Needing a model before starting a developing a assessment, which helped her having a clear picture what she needed to do.
- Starting with a structured interview to know what elements were needed in the assessment tool.
- two measures, O*NET and MOCA. If I did not misunderstand, these were related to cognition.
- how she did pilot study of the content of her measure, and then doing the studies of psychometric properties.
In the evening, there were a welcome ceremony, a expo grand opening, and reception. I stayed with my ex-advisor, Esther Huecker who was associate professor in Loma Linda University. This was my first time to meet her face to face. When I was in Loma Linda University, her husband was sick seriously. So, I have no chances to meet her. She was so nice to introduce some people to me and share the main ideas of the speech in the welcome opening.
In the welcome opening, there was a vocal bank to sing songs to start the opening, and American people were so excited and dancing. Esther's friend said there were more and more informal performance in the AOTA welcome opening.
In the expo grand opening, there were so many booths from schools,health care institutes, and companies selling books, assistive technology, and toys. And I could get some free stuff from the booths.
I looked at the books related to cognition, but I did not find out anything new or special about executive functions. Keep trying to open the eyes and seeing whether I could have some difference ideas for my EF research framework.
2011年4月14日 星期四
Being in Philly!
I have arrived at Philadelphia safely. It was a long flight which made me felt so exhausted.
The officer in the airport asked me coming to the US for traveling. I said no and I could see the officer's face became weird. And then I said I came for a conference.
I know there are so many friends having the plans to go sight seeing. Well, I think I will spend the whole three days to see and listen to different presentations. If possible, I will try to write down my learning on the blog. I met Chia-Wei last night, who studies at UIC. She said she had looked at my blog, because she received messages from prof. Hsieh's writing blog. WOW! So cool. Because of the connections, there may be so many people who I know or I do not know looking at my blog.
She asked me whether I could write in English. I will think about it and try to write in English. Indeed, I also need to practice my English writing skills.
Yesterday, I took shuttle bus from the airport to the hotel. In the shuttle bus, most of people were coming for join the AOTA conference. One lady asked me what I was going to present. I was kind of shock by that moment. There is a need to prepare myself to be ready to share my presentation anytime. She said my topic was interesting and she would come over to see my poster.
The officer in the airport asked me coming to the US for traveling. I said no and I could see the officer's face became weird. And then I said I came for a conference.
I know there are so many friends having the plans to go sight seeing. Well, I think I will spend the whole three days to see and listen to different presentations. If possible, I will try to write down my learning on the blog. I met Chia-Wei last night, who studies at UIC. She said she had looked at my blog, because she received messages from prof. Hsieh's writing blog. WOW! So cool. Because of the connections, there may be so many people who I know or I do not know looking at my blog.
She asked me whether I could write in English. I will think about it and try to write in English. Indeed, I also need to practice my English writing skills.
Yesterday, I took shuttle bus from the airport to the hotel. In the shuttle bus, most of people were coming for join the AOTA conference. One lady asked me what I was going to present. I was kind of shock by that moment. There is a need to prepare myself to be ready to share my presentation anytime. She said my topic was interesting and she would come over to see my poster.
2011年4月12日 星期二
如何得知抽象概念包括哪些範疇?
今天自曝其短，在因素分析上討論自己一直不解的問題，到底要如何知道一個不明確、抽象的概念(例如：執行功能)，其底下明確包括有哪些範疇?是否可運用因素分析獲得答案(範疇)?
翁老師要全班同學討論我的問題，當然，沒有一個明確的答案，但有幾個可參考的建議。
1. 有人提到2007年，曾經有學者從working memory來研究執行功能，此學者後來認為"流體智力"就是執行功能。
2. 有人建議從觀察行為、統整量表分數的結果，先分析EFA，然而再分析CFA。由此得知抽象概念中底下的範疇。
3. 文獻回顧、專家意見中得知範疇。
4. 先選擇一個model，然後再驗證範疇---此種方式應該算是分析此model的建構效度。
翁老師要全班同學討論我的問題，當然，沒有一個明確的答案，但有幾個可參考的建議。
1. 有人提到2007年，曾經有學者從working memory來研究執行功能，此學者後來認為"流體智力"就是執行功能。
2. 有人建議從觀察行為、統整量表分數的結果，先分析EFA，然而再分析CFA。由此得知抽象概念中底下的範疇。
3. 文獻回顧、專家意見中得知範疇。
4. 先選擇一個model，然後再驗證範疇---此種方式應該算是分析此model的建構效度。
2011年4月11日 星期一
使用於Rasch分析的分數需要先加權嗎?
問題：加權過的分數，較適合使用於Rasch分析?
回答：首先先了解為何量表的分數需要加權，加權的目的是為了平衡不同項目的重要性，使其分數的比較更為合理，所以才要對某些項目加重比例計分。然而Rasch model的量尺，具有客觀等距的特性，可讓不同分數之間的比較有合理性。所以用於Rasch分析的分數，不需要加權，及可得到平衡項目重要性的能力。
回答：首先先了解為何量表的分數需要加權，加權的目的是為了平衡不同項目的重要性，使其分數的比較更為合理，所以才要對某些項目加重比例計分。然而Rasch model的量尺，具有客觀等距的特性，可讓不同分數之間的比較有合理性。所以用於Rasch分析的分數，不需要加權，及可得到平衡項目重要性的能力。
2011年4月10日 星期日
4/11~4/15 預定進度
任務 | 預定完成日 |
1. 撰寫SF-36論文 | |
l 修改研究方法和結果 | 4/22 |
l 撰寫討論 | 4/22 |
2. 修正SF-36數據資料，寄給業太 | 4/12 |
4/13~4/19會去美國參加AOTA conference。原本預定AOTA研討會一結束後即返回，4/18晚上可以回到台灣，但因為日本的災情，許多從日本回到台灣的航班都取消，以致於我必須要停留日本一個晚上。現在不知道到了日本要做什麼?要睡哪裡?最大的可能性就是睡在機場，打開電腦撰寫論文…
2011年4月7日 星期四
執行功能研究之討論記錄
1. 總研究架構標題仍然不是非常明確，需要再思考。
2. 有些研究標題寫得太籠統，研究的內容太片面，在內容上，需要多加思考不同的層面。
3. 描述性研究的價值有限，而且中風個案的異質性很大，要招募哪些受測者。所得的結果能概念到其他中風個案的意義有限。
4. 英文寫作方式不一致。
5. 現在要思考的角度為：
(1) 我的假設問題是什麼?
(2) 研究題材的層次、策略、未來展望。
(3) 研究架構的順序、程序。
(4) 我的研究問題的特別處在哪裡?要克服什麼?會期待什麼?滿足臨床上的什麼?
(5) 如何闡述研究特點，讓其有價值，以致別人會支持、支援我的研究。
2. 有些研究標題寫得太籠統，研究的內容太片面，在內容上，需要多加思考不同的層面。
3. 描述性研究的價值有限，而且中風個案的異質性很大，要招募哪些受測者。所得的結果能概念到其他中風個案的意義有限。
4. 英文寫作方式不一致。
5. 現在要思考的角度為：
(1) 我的假設問題是什麼?
(2) 研究題材的層次、策略、未來展望。
(3) 研究架構的順序、程序。
(4) 我的研究問題的特別處在哪裡?要克服什麼?會期待什麼?滿足臨床上的什麼?
(5) 如何闡述研究特點，讓其有價值，以致別人會支持、支援我的研究。
2011年4月6日 星期三
如何撰寫結果和方法
依照這次撰寫SF-36論文的經驗，分享自己寫結果和方法的方式。
結果部分：
1. 在已製作完整的表格中，先觀察大致上的結果趨勢(general)，然後再提出不太好看的數據(specific)。
2. 參考model paper。
3. 最後比對方法中所描述的"資料分析方法"，看看於結果內容中，有哪些需要刪除(因為在分析方法中未提及)，有哪些需要修改(呼應分析方法)。
方法部分，原本以為這部分很好寫，但仍然需要花費許多精力尋找參考文獻，才能更清楚判斷，如何適當地撰寫資料分析方法。
於方法部分，可分為4個主要段落
1. Participants
2. Procedure
3. Measure
4. Data analysis
結果部分：
1. 在已製作完整的表格中，先觀察大致上的結果趨勢(general)，然後再提出不太好看的數據(specific)。
2. 參考model paper。
3. 最後比對方法中所描述的"資料分析方法"，看看於結果內容中，有哪些需要刪除(因為在分析方法中未提及)，有哪些需要修改(呼應分析方法)。
方法部分，原本以為這部分很好寫，但仍然需要花費許多精力尋找參考文獻，才能更清楚判斷，如何適當地撰寫資料分析方法。
於方法部分，可分為4個主要段落
1. Participants
2. Procedure
3. Measure
4. Data analysis
2011年4月5日 星期二
2011年4月4日 星期一
4/4~4/8 預定進度
任務 | 預定完成日 |
1. 撰寫SF-36論文 | |
l 修改研究方法和結果 | 4/8 |
l 撰寫討論 | 4/15 |
2. 執行功能研究 | |
l 確定研究標題 | 4/7 |
l 確定研究方法和步驟 | 4/11 |
3. 準備4/8心統期中考 | 4/7 |
4. 準備SF-36數據資料給業太 | 4/8 |
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